1Department of Medical Informatics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands 2Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands 3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

1Section of Medical Information and Retrieval Systems, Core Unit for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 2AustriaPro, Austrian Federal Economic Chamber, Vienna, Austria

1Departamento de Psicología de la Salud, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain 2Unidad de Calidad, Fundación Hospital Alcorcón, Alcorcón (Madrid), Spain 3Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Clínico Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain

1Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology (UMIT), Hall i. T., Austria 2Institute for Biophysics, Graz Medical University, Graz, Austria

1Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria 2ARC Seibersdorf research GmbH, Hall in Tyrol, Austria

Ghent University Hospital, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Gent, Belgium

1Department of Bioinformatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan 2Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan 3Center for Information Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

1Institut für Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistik, Fachbereich Statistik, Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany 2Institut für Medizininformatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany