Summary

Cutaneous reactions to subcutaneous heparin injections have been described first in 1952. These reactions may be caused by several mechanisms such as immediate or delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, or by life-threatening immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). In contrast to bleeding, induction of osteoporosis and hair loss, no data on the incidence and causes of heparin-induced skin lesions had been available until recently. In a large prospective epidemiological study, the incidence of heparin-induced skin lesions was as high as 7.5% in medical patients, far exceeding the expected incidence. As heparin-induced skin lesions may be the sole clinical manifestation of immune HIT, rapid and valid diagnosis of heparin-induced skin lesions is of utmost clinical importance. Therefore, we have reviewed all known causes of heparin-induced skin lesions, and propose diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.